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July, 1914 [McMeekin, Sean] on desertcart.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. July, 1914 Review: This is a real contribution.... - McMeekin mentions in his introduction that there are more than 25,000 books on WW1, many of them dealing with the question of "cause" and "responsibility." McMeekin's new book is an important new contribution, which is rare; especially for those of us who do not read foreign languages and are not professional historians. Why is this book better than most of the others that have come out recently (centenary approaching, publishers salivating....)? (1) McMeekin appears to have limited his account to contemporary archival and first-hand sources -- there is none of the annoying (though entertaining) reliance on postwar self-justifying memoirs that so many professional and journalistic historians of the period rely on. (2) McMeekin proceeds by taking the reader through a careful, detailed, almost moment-by-moment chronology; the beginning of wisdom. Following the trail of evidence in 6 or more capital over 40 days is difficult, but it is the beginning of wisdom. (3) McMeekin has a sensible approach to the "Who were the deciders?" question in each capital; he shows you what people did and said, and from that record there emerges a sense as to how events were shaped. To give a few examples -- neither Wilhelm II nor Nicholas II were really "deciders", in the sense, say, of US Presidents today, but they were important; nevertheless, McMeekin recognizes the primacy of the chancellors, ministers and others just below the "sovereign"/head-of-state level. (4) McMeekin recognizes that despite the crowned heads and ostrich plumes on the surface, the great European powers in 1914 were close to modern democratic states in which public opinion mattered -- sometimes for real, sometimes as a screen. (5) Importantly, McMeekin has a finely judged sense of contingency -- yes, there were "deep forces" at work; but some totally contingent events played a large part in how events developed. His discussion of counterfactuals is lively and provocative, but also appropriately restrained and illuminating. (6) There is a brief chapter at the end in which McMeekin offers a kind of summing-up of the "sins" -- he uses that word -- of the Great Powers. This is a tour de force -- persuasive by its very Olympian detachment ("None shall 'scape whipping", was my personal reaction.) ....... And here is perhaps the central aim of McMeekin, to balance out the inevitable hindsight effect of Hitler and World War II. It is easy now, in retrospect, to assume the German government in 1914 was as lawless, aggressive and arrogant as in 1939. But such was not the case. The "German war guilt" thesis does not hold up. It may be that McMeekin slightly overweights Russia's appetite for war. But it must be said, his evidence is there and the "case" he makes that the French egged the Russians on is both somewhat new in popular history (most Anglophone historians are rather pro-French) and convincing. All right, how about the negatives? I can think of only one -- McMeekin is not an especially gifted writer; he is clear (a difficult feat given his task), he has an eye for the telling detail, but his prose is rather flat. Here and there his publisher, perhaps, has encouraged him to engage in popularisms that fall somewhat flat (entitling a chapter "The Last Chance Saloon", for example). That's it. This was a much more satisfying book than Christopher Clark's Sleepwalkers (although the two historians share the same general Germany-isnt'to-blame-for-everything view). (Coda: So what did cause WW1? In a nutshell, I would summarize McMeekin (or what I took from McMeekin) as follows: After years of humiliations, Austria felt she must respond to the Sarajevo outrage; she contemplated a short, local response -- perhaps a brief occupation of Belgrade; she asked Germany whether Germany would support this, and Germany, giving too little thought to consequences but probably with the idea that Austria's move would be localized and contained, gave her only ally support -- unfortunately, support in the form of the famous "blank check"; once Austria sent a humiliating ultimatum to Serbia, Russia seized the opportunity -- or recognized a necessity -- of standing behind her Slav compatriots; France then seized the opportunity of engaging Russia in a two-front war against Germany; Germany diplomacy and strategic thinking was incapable of wiggling out of the resulting situation, as Britain was incapable of wiggling out of its prior soft assurances to France; and so, by the first week in August, Germany, Britain and even Austria (by this time) went into a war none of them wanted, only France and Russia really being happy about the outcome. Of course, no one knew how bad it would be. But McMeekin quotes some evidence suggesting that German leaders -- Wilhelm, Moltke and others -- had the same premonition Yamamoto had at the time of Pearl Harbor; i.e., that whatever the start of the war looked like, they were doomed to defeat. And all along, the story is one of successful deceit (all's fair, etc., but the French and Russians were much better at this than the Germans or British); bluster and war-lust alternating with reality checks and the fear of regime-destruction: and, most of all, unutterably depressing ignorance and incompetence on the part of all the players -- ignorance of what was actually happening (this was a world reliant on the telegram) and incompetence in judging realities, formulating strategic aims and then following through. I will leave to others the obvious parallels to our own time.) (Further coda: McMeekin generously credits Barbara Tuchman, a non-academic historian, as piquing his initial interest in WW! and its causes (although he is not shy in pointing out her mis-dating of an important event). I have always thought we all owe out present lives, literally, in some part to the fact that JFK was (with all his faults on other issues) in charge during the Cuban missile crisis and that he had recently read Tuchman's Guns of August, which argues a crude-but-effective version of the "railroad timetable" theory of WW1 causation; along with his anger at being misled over the Bay of Pigs, this helped teach him to question the rigidities of advice about military matters (I can almost imagine him repeating to the Joint Chiefs the point Wilhelm II made to Moltke when the Kaiser believed that re-directing Germany's attack tothe East rather than to France would keep Britain out of the war, and Moltke mumbled that operational and supply considerations would not permit the change.) McMeekin does not follow a crude version of the railway timetable approach, but gives appropriate weight to the key geopolitical consideration that was perhaps the largest determinant of the war's inevitabilty once the diplomats had made their blunders -- the fact that Russia, due to her enormous size, had to mobilize earlier than anyone else, and that once Russia mobilized, Germany had to, and then..... Review: Informative,detailed and diligent,first class narrative,controversial conclusions - The title informs clearly the potential reader what he/she is about to read.As there are thousands of books on the origins of the First WW,the first question is why select this one. The answer is ,in my opinion,because it is one of the better ones in describing the events and because it is very well written,with literary skill in modern but elegant prose.Also because it is bound to be controversial.The book is a blow by blow account of how,within one month,Europe went from peace and prosperity to a 20 million dead war that became global and turned the rest of the 20th century into the biggest war century of all times.It is also very scholarly with a clear text. The reader should be cautioned that the author is judgmental.He does not consider that the responsibility for starting the war,normally assigned to A-H and Germany by many historians,is an open and shut case.He points the responsibility for this strongly to Russia and France and,I consider,he tilts more than fair to that side.Yet,I consider that,in challenging the prevailing opinion on responsibility for the war,he provides a lot of arguments and food for thought,as certainly the responsibility for this war is not s clear cut case and there are a lot of responsible states,differing only by their degree of guilt. The three main causes of War ,Militarism,Nationalism and Imperialism should taint all European Nations involved,because they transformed by their adoption the 20th century into a powder keg waiting for the spark.The only innocent Nations were Belgium and Luxembourg. I do not expand on this because I stated my views in my review of The Sleepwalkers and this review is about this book.The three profound causes that I mentioned are not adequately covered ,but they are not the stated subject of the book either. The reason,I believe,that the author shifted so much the blame on Russia and France ,is that Russia encouraged through her Representative in Serbia a panslavic confrontational attitude against Austria and indirectly Serbian State terrorism and France because she aligned with Russia for anti German reasons.Also because they prepared both war by timetable like everybody else but Russia mobilized first. This however is not the whole story. Granted that they could equally well abstain on the basis that Serbia was not worth 20 million dead but they were not the cause of the spark.The primary responsibility for the spark is with Serbia,Austria and Germany. The author treats the Kaiser in a softer way than most historians ,putting on the dock instead Bethmann,Berchtold and Conrad as Principals responsible for the war on the Triple Alliance side and underlines the belligerence and inflexibility of Samsonov and Pointcare,absolving to an extend the Tsar and Viviani on the Entente side The incompetence of the Statesmen, their political myopia and inability to foresee the consequences of their act to the point of imbecility and their willingness to use brinkmanship to the limit to obtain insignificant aims are excellently and persuasively described. I consider useful to go away from the cliche that all responsibility for this war is on Austria and Germany and be critical about it,but I feel that the author in his effort to do so charges the other side with more responsibility than they deserve. In any case the readers of this sort of books are all thoughtful people and can draw their own conclusions. The debate is endless and over simplifications should be avoided.Already clubs are formed assigning the responsibility to this or that Nation.You can join any of them or start your own. The important matter is that the study of the origins of this war by responsible and intelligent Statesmen saved us a few times from a Nuclear Armageddon during the Cold War. This is the real contribution of books like this one. DVK P.S. To facilitate those who start reading about this war's origins below is a not exhaustive list of some significant works on the subject -The guns of August by Barbara Tuchman (Impressionistic style ,excellent prose,easy to understand) -The origins of the war of 1914 by Luigi Albertini (The Classic ) -Political Philosophy and the Great War by G P Crean IV (Broad analysis) -The origins of the First World War by Stephen Van Evera,MIT Political Science Dept (Lists all points of view on responsibility,Neutral) -The Sleepwalkers by C.Clark (An excellent, very deep and profound analysis of the causes and the actors,exceedingly well written,avoids assigning responsibility) -Europe's Last Summer by David Fromkin (Very good Primer for the American Public,Classic conclusions) -The origins of the First World War by William Mulligan(Broad and deep with thematic essays and a new approach as to the inevitability of the war) -The Origins of ww1 edited by R Hamilton and H Herwig (The most recent product of serious Scholarship.It goes as far back as 1815.Ten American and one British author examine the Nations behavior and conclude.No European author)



| Best Sellers Rank | #800,228 in Books ( See Top 100 in Books ) #124 in World War I History (Books) #932 in European Politics Books #1,640 in German History (Books) |
| Customer Reviews | 4.5 4.5 out of 5 stars (477) |
| Dimensions | 5.5 x 1.21 x 8.25 inches |
| Edition | Reprint |
| ISBN-10 | 0465060749 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-0465060740 |
| Item Weight | 1.05 pounds |
| Language | English |
| Print length | 481 pages |
| Publication date | April 29, 2014 |
| Publisher | Basic Books |
D**E
This is a real contribution....
McMeekin mentions in his introduction that there are more than 25,000 books on WW1, many of them dealing with the question of "cause" and "responsibility." McMeekin's new book is an important new contribution, which is rare; especially for those of us who do not read foreign languages and are not professional historians. Why is this book better than most of the others that have come out recently (centenary approaching, publishers salivating....)? (1) McMeekin appears to have limited his account to contemporary archival and first-hand sources -- there is none of the annoying (though entertaining) reliance on postwar self-justifying memoirs that so many professional and journalistic historians of the period rely on. (2) McMeekin proceeds by taking the reader through a careful, detailed, almost moment-by-moment chronology; the beginning of wisdom. Following the trail of evidence in 6 or more capital over 40 days is difficult, but it is the beginning of wisdom. (3) McMeekin has a sensible approach to the "Who were the deciders?" question in each capital; he shows you what people did and said, and from that record there emerges a sense as to how events were shaped. To give a few examples -- neither Wilhelm II nor Nicholas II were really "deciders", in the sense, say, of US Presidents today, but they were important; nevertheless, McMeekin recognizes the primacy of the chancellors, ministers and others just below the "sovereign"/head-of-state level. (4) McMeekin recognizes that despite the crowned heads and ostrich plumes on the surface, the great European powers in 1914 were close to modern democratic states in which public opinion mattered -- sometimes for real, sometimes as a screen. (5) Importantly, McMeekin has a finely judged sense of contingency -- yes, there were "deep forces" at work; but some totally contingent events played a large part in how events developed. His discussion of counterfactuals is lively and provocative, but also appropriately restrained and illuminating. (6) There is a brief chapter at the end in which McMeekin offers a kind of summing-up of the "sins" -- he uses that word -- of the Great Powers. This is a tour de force -- persuasive by its very Olympian detachment ("None shall 'scape whipping", was my personal reaction.) ....... And here is perhaps the central aim of McMeekin, to balance out the inevitable hindsight effect of Hitler and World War II. It is easy now, in retrospect, to assume the German government in 1914 was as lawless, aggressive and arrogant as in 1939. But such was not the case. The "German war guilt" thesis does not hold up. It may be that McMeekin slightly overweights Russia's appetite for war. But it must be said, his evidence is there and the "case" he makes that the French egged the Russians on is both somewhat new in popular history (most Anglophone historians are rather pro-French) and convincing. All right, how about the negatives? I can think of only one -- McMeekin is not an especially gifted writer; he is clear (a difficult feat given his task), he has an eye for the telling detail, but his prose is rather flat. Here and there his publisher, perhaps, has encouraged him to engage in popularisms that fall somewhat flat (entitling a chapter "The Last Chance Saloon", for example). That's it. This was a much more satisfying book than Christopher Clark's Sleepwalkers (although the two historians share the same general Germany-isnt'to-blame-for-everything view). (Coda: So what did cause WW1? In a nutshell, I would summarize McMeekin (or what I took from McMeekin) as follows: After years of humiliations, Austria felt she must respond to the Sarajevo outrage; she contemplated a short, local response -- perhaps a brief occupation of Belgrade; she asked Germany whether Germany would support this, and Germany, giving too little thought to consequences but probably with the idea that Austria's move would be localized and contained, gave her only ally support -- unfortunately, support in the form of the famous "blank check"; once Austria sent a humiliating ultimatum to Serbia, Russia seized the opportunity -- or recognized a necessity -- of standing behind her Slav compatriots; France then seized the opportunity of engaging Russia in a two-front war against Germany; Germany diplomacy and strategic thinking was incapable of wiggling out of the resulting situation, as Britain was incapable of wiggling out of its prior soft assurances to France; and so, by the first week in August, Germany, Britain and even Austria (by this time) went into a war none of them wanted, only France and Russia really being happy about the outcome. Of course, no one knew how bad it would be. But McMeekin quotes some evidence suggesting that German leaders -- Wilhelm, Moltke and others -- had the same premonition Yamamoto had at the time of Pearl Harbor; i.e., that whatever the start of the war looked like, they were doomed to defeat. And all along, the story is one of successful deceit (all's fair, etc., but the French and Russians were much better at this than the Germans or British); bluster and war-lust alternating with reality checks and the fear of regime-destruction: and, most of all, unutterably depressing ignorance and incompetence on the part of all the players -- ignorance of what was actually happening (this was a world reliant on the telegram) and incompetence in judging realities, formulating strategic aims and then following through. I will leave to others the obvious parallels to our own time.) (Further coda: McMeekin generously credits Barbara Tuchman, a non-academic historian, as piquing his initial interest in WW! and its causes (although he is not shy in pointing out her mis-dating of an important event). I have always thought we all owe out present lives, literally, in some part to the fact that JFK was (with all his faults on other issues) in charge during the Cuban missile crisis and that he had recently read Tuchman's Guns of August, which argues a crude-but-effective version of the "railroad timetable" theory of WW1 causation; along with his anger at being misled over the Bay of Pigs, this helped teach him to question the rigidities of advice about military matters (I can almost imagine him repeating to the Joint Chiefs the point Wilhelm II made to Moltke when the Kaiser believed that re-directing Germany's attack tothe East rather than to France would keep Britain out of the war, and Moltke mumbled that operational and supply considerations would not permit the change.) McMeekin does not follow a crude version of the railway timetable approach, but gives appropriate weight to the key geopolitical consideration that was perhaps the largest determinant of the war's inevitabilty once the diplomats had made their blunders -- the fact that Russia, due to her enormous size, had to mobilize earlier than anyone else, and that once Russia mobilized, Germany had to, and then.....
D**S
Informative,detailed and diligent,first class narrative,controversial conclusions
The title informs clearly the potential reader what he/she is about to read.As there are thousands of books on the origins of the First WW,the first question is why select this one. The answer is ,in my opinion,because it is one of the better ones in describing the events and because it is very well written,with literary skill in modern but elegant prose.Also because it is bound to be controversial.The book is a blow by blow account of how,within one month,Europe went from peace and prosperity to a 20 million dead war that became global and turned the rest of the 20th century into the biggest war century of all times.It is also very scholarly with a clear text. The reader should be cautioned that the author is judgmental.He does not consider that the responsibility for starting the war,normally assigned to A-H and Germany by many historians,is an open and shut case.He points the responsibility for this strongly to Russia and France and,I consider,he tilts more than fair to that side.Yet,I consider that,in challenging the prevailing opinion on responsibility for the war,he provides a lot of arguments and food for thought,as certainly the responsibility for this war is not s clear cut case and there are a lot of responsible states,differing only by their degree of guilt. The three main causes of War ,Militarism,Nationalism and Imperialism should taint all European Nations involved,because they transformed by their adoption the 20th century into a powder keg waiting for the spark.The only innocent Nations were Belgium and Luxembourg. I do not expand on this because I stated my views in my review of The Sleepwalkers and this review is about this book.The three profound causes that I mentioned are not adequately covered ,but they are not the stated subject of the book either. The reason,I believe,that the author shifted so much the blame on Russia and France ,is that Russia encouraged through her Representative in Serbia a panslavic confrontational attitude against Austria and indirectly Serbian State terrorism and France because she aligned with Russia for anti German reasons.Also because they prepared both war by timetable like everybody else but Russia mobilized first. This however is not the whole story. Granted that they could equally well abstain on the basis that Serbia was not worth 20 million dead but they were not the cause of the spark.The primary responsibility for the spark is with Serbia,Austria and Germany. The author treats the Kaiser in a softer way than most historians ,putting on the dock instead Bethmann,Berchtold and Conrad as Principals responsible for the war on the Triple Alliance side and underlines the belligerence and inflexibility of Samsonov and Pointcare,absolving to an extend the Tsar and Viviani on the Entente side The incompetence of the Statesmen, their political myopia and inability to foresee the consequences of their act to the point of imbecility and their willingness to use brinkmanship to the limit to obtain insignificant aims are excellently and persuasively described. I consider useful to go away from the cliche that all responsibility for this war is on Austria and Germany and be critical about it,but I feel that the author in his effort to do so charges the other side with more responsibility than they deserve. In any case the readers of this sort of books are all thoughtful people and can draw their own conclusions. The debate is endless and over simplifications should be avoided.Already clubs are formed assigning the responsibility to this or that Nation.You can join any of them or start your own. The important matter is that the study of the origins of this war by responsible and intelligent Statesmen saved us a few times from a Nuclear Armageddon during the Cold War. This is the real contribution of books like this one. DVK P.S. To facilitate those who start reading about this war's origins below is a not exhaustive list of some significant works on the subject -The guns of August by Barbara Tuchman (Impressionistic style ,excellent prose,easy to understand) -The origins of the war of 1914 by Luigi Albertini (The Classic ) -Political Philosophy and the Great War by G P Crean IV (Broad analysis) -The origins of the First World War by Stephen Van Evera,MIT Political Science Dept (Lists all points of view on responsibility,Neutral) -The Sleepwalkers by C.Clark (An excellent, very deep and profound analysis of the causes and the actors,exceedingly well written,avoids assigning responsibility) -Europe's Last Summer by David Fromkin (Very good Primer for the American Public,Classic conclusions) -The origins of the First World War by William Mulligan(Broad and deep with thematic essays and a new approach as to the inevitability of the war) -The Origins of ww1 edited by R Hamilton and H Herwig (The most recent product of serious Scholarship.It goes as far back as 1815.Ten American and one British author examine the Nations behavior and conclude.No European author)
D**F
This book is the result of painstaking and meticulous research. The author must have spent countless hours tracking memos, notes, telegrams and general despatches between the Great Powers during the month of July 1914. What emerges is a fascinating insight into the events that led to war beginning with the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand and ending with the various declarations of war. But who was responsible and why? Before reading this book, I had taken the view that Germany was mostly responsible for the outbreak of war. However, upon reading this book, I think that the shoulder of blame actually lies with the actions of Austria Hungary but read the book and come to your own conclusion. It is a truly great read.
J**P
Zum Gedenken an den Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkrieges erschienen in den Jahren 2013 und 2014 eine ganze Reihe von Sach- und Fachbüchern, die den historischen Anlass ausführlich und differenziert betrachteten. Neben Arbeiten, welche sich in traditionellen Bahnen bewegten, die also den Fokus auf die Mittelmächte und insbesondere auf Deutschland richteten, gab es auch höchst interessante Beiträge, die sich kritisch mit der Entente beschäftigten. Zu diesen revisionistischen Publikationen gehört auch die hervorragende Analyse des amerikanischen Historikers Sean McMeekin, der sich auf erfrischende Weise mit der Julikrise auseinandersetzt. Sein ereignis- und diplomatiegeschichtlicher Ansatz rückt die außen- und sicherheitspolitischen Entscheidungsträger der fünf Großmächte in den Mittelpunkt des Geschehens; schließlich waren sie es, die für den Erhalt des Friedens bzw. für den Ausbruch des Krieges die primäre Verantwortung trugen. Strukturelle oder systemische Faktoren können nämlich nicht hinreichend erklären, warum es ausgerechnet in jenen schicksalhaften Sommertagen des Jahres 1914 zum völligen Zusammenbruch der europäischen Ordnung kam. Um diese Frage möglichst umfassend beantworten zu können, untersucht der Autor den genauen Ablauf der Krise, die sich im Anschluss an die Ermordung des Thronfolgerpaares aus Österreich-Ungarn entfaltete. In den europäischen Hauptstädten lösten die Todesschüsse von Sarajevo ein unterschiedliches Echo aus. Kaiser Wilhelm II. war der einzige Monarch, der sich über den tragischen Verlust des mit ihm befreundeten Ehepaares schockiert zeigte. In Wien hielt sich die Bestürzung dagegen in sehr engen Grenzen. Die politische Elite der Donaumonarchie zeigte sich unschlüssig, wie man auf den Gewaltakt reagieren sollte. Außenminister Berchtold und Generalstabschef Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf sprachen sich für eine militärische Strafaktion gegen Serbien aus, während sich der ungarische Ministerpräsident Tisza für eine diplomatische Lösung einsetzte. Allen Beteiligten war jedoch klar, dass man ohne Rückendeckung aus Deutschland kaum handlungsfähig sein würde. In Berlin war man durchaus an einer schnellen und entschlossenen Antwort seines schwächelnden Verbündeten interessiert. Der Konflikt sollte aber möglichst auf die Balkanregion beschränkt bleiben, weshalb die anderen Großmächte vor vollendete Tatsachen gestellt werden mussten. Demgegenüber strebte Russland eine Ausweitung der Krise an. Vor allem Außenminister Sasonow wollte die Gunst der Stunde nutzen, um die seit langem gehegten geostrategischen Ambitionen des Zarenreichs nun endlich umsetzen zu können. Aus diesem Grund erklärte sich Sankt Petersburg nicht nur dazu bereit, die serbische Armee massiv aufzurüsten, sondern Sasonow richtete seinen gierigen Blick schon auf das Osmanische Reich und die potentielle Eroberung der Dardanellen hin aus. McMeekin knüpft mit dieser Argumentation an seine frühere Studie über die russischen Ursprünge des Ersten Weltkrieges an, die er bereits 2011 veröffentlicht hatte. Frankreich und Großbritannien waren unmittelbar nach dem Attentat nicht sonderlich alarmiert. In Paris wurde man zunächst durch innenpolitische Entwicklungen abgelenkt und in London hatte man mit der instabilen Situation in Irland alle Hände voll zu tun. Die Ereignisse kamen mehr ins Rollen, als es Wien gelang, sich von Berlin einen "Blankoscheck“ ausstellen zu lassen. Damit erhielten die österreichischen Falken jene Handlungsfreiheit, die sie benötigten, um sowohl Tisza auf ihre Seite zu ziehen als auch um Belgrad mit Hilfe eines souveränitätsverletzenden Ultimatums unter Druck zu setzen. Die gegen Serbien gerichteten diplomatischen und militärischen Maßnahmen gingen jedoch nur langsam voran und konnten nicht einmal geheim gehalten werden. So hatten St. Petersburg, Paris und Belgrad genug Zeit, um sich abzusprechen und sich in einer harten und unnachgiebigen Haltung gegenüber der Doppelmonarchie wechselseitig zu bestätigen. Neben Sasonow war insbesondere Präsident Poincaré daran gelegen, die balkanische Tragödie auf eine gesamteuropäische Ebene zu transformieren. Das französische Staatsoberhaupt hoffte auf eine Revanche für die schmachvolle Niederlage von 1871. Das Deutsche Reich reagierte lediglich halbherzig und verspätet auf diese beunruhigenden Geschehnisse. Es war weder in der Lage, mäßigend auf seinen Bündnispartner einzuwirken, noch durchschaute man rechtzeitig das konfrontative Machtspiel, welches von Russland und Frankreich betrieben wurde. Mit dem geheimen Beschluss zur Teilmobilisierung, der am 24. bzw. am 25. Juli getroffen wurde, leitete man in St. Petersburg einen Kriegskurs ein, der sich bewusst gegen beide Mittelmächte richtete. Die Geheimhaltung der Kriegsvorbereitungsphase diente keinesfalls nur dazu, Deutschland über die wahren Absichten des Zarenreichs im Unklaren zu lassen, sondern sie sollte außerdem die britische Öffentlichkeit täuschen, damit diese nicht von der offensiven Vorgehensweise abgeschreckt wurde. Der "schwarze Peter“ des Aggressors musste Berlin zufallen. Zum Glück für Paris und St. Petersburg verhielten sich die deutschen und österreichischen Außenpolitiker derart ungeschickt, dass sie ungewollt ihren geopolitischen Gegnern zuarbeiteten. Selbst als Russland am 30. Juli mit der Generalmobilmachung begann; ein Schritt, dem man in Berlin nur als kriegerischen Akt interpretieren konnte, gelang es Reichskanzler Bethmann Hollweg und seinen Diplomaten nicht, die Neutralität Großbritanniens sicherzustellen. Dies lag nicht zuletzt auch daran, dass der deutsche Generalstab über lediglich einen einzigen Aufmarschplan verfügte, der bei Kriegsausbruch eine großangelegte Offensive im Westen vorsah. Im Osten wollte man sich anfangs rein defensiv verhalten. Angesichts der aktuellen Gefährdungslage, in der Russland als erste Großmacht voll mobilisierte, wäre es jedoch dringend angebracht gewesen, genau umgekehrt vorzugehen. Dessen ungeachtet pendelte sich die britische Position ohnehin zugunsten von Frankreich und Russland ein. Außenminister Sir Edward Grey verhielt sich keineswegs unparteiisch; seine Sympathien lagen zweifellos bei Paris und St. Petersburg. Dennoch ließ er die Deutschen lange im Unklaren darüber, wie sich das Vereinigte Königreich im Ernstfall verhalten würde. Eine öffentliche Festlegung war ihm aus innenpolitischen Gründen heraus kaum möglich, da die Regierung in dieser zentralen Frage gespalten war. Er musste auf isolationistisch gestimmte Kabinettsmitglieder Rücksicht nehmen, um ein Scheitern der Regierungspolitik zu verhindern. Während Winston Churchill als Erster Lord der Admiralität Fakten schuf, indem er die Flotte in Kriegsbereitschaft versetzte, versuchte Grey einen Vorwand zu finden, um sein Heimatland auf Seiten der Entente unwiderruflich in Stellung zu bringen. Ein passender Anlass wurde ihm dann von Berlin geliefert, als die deutschen Truppen am 3. August damit begannen, in Belgien einzumarschieren. Zwei Tage zuvor hatte Frankreich schon die Generalmobilmachung veranlasst, wodurch sich Deutschland einem Zweifrontenkrieg ausgesetzt sah. Die "Urkatastrophe des 20. Jahrhunderts“, wie der amerikanische Diplomat und Publizist George F. Kennan den Ersten Weltkrieg nannte, nahm ihren bekannten Verlauf. Insgesamt gesehen ist es Sean McMeekin sehr gut gelungen, die Intensionen und Handlungen der Akteure in der Julikrise aufzuzeigen. Von einem deutschen Präventivkrieg oder einem "Griff nach der Weltmacht“ kann aus seiner Sicht nicht gesprochen werden. Das außenpolitische Verhalten der Mittelmächte zeugte vielmehr von Schwäche, Unvermögen und Verzweiflung. Die russisch-französische Allianz war dagegen offensiver orientiert. In St. Petersburg und Paris glaubte man die jeweiligen nationalen Interessen durch einen relativ kurzen Waffengang verwirklichen zu können. Alle Beteiligten zahlten in letzter Konsequenz einen extrem hohen Preis für ihre Kalkulationen und Fehlkalkulationen. Jürgen Rupp
G**N
The book complements other visions of the First World War paying attention to the last month of peace. A fresh perspective of the importance of human (silly) behaviour and leadership in troubled times.
S**S
Produit conforme
M**E
Good to read a book which flows and also tells the facts dispassionately. Amazing how arrogant certain people of a certain were to those whom they thought of as expendable
ترست بايلوت
منذ أسبوعين
منذ 3 أسابيع